21. Battle of Prestonpans, 1745. Scottish supporters of Prince Charles Edward Stuart wins
their last great victory on British forces.
21. British and French forces defeat the Chinese at Pali-Chi-A, 1860.
22. The Greeks defeated the Persians at Mycale, 479 bC.
22. The Spanish are defeated by the English and Dutch at Zutphen, 1586.
22. Census of students in public schools of the city of Buenos Aires, 1773. There were 1,012 students attending classes, over a population of 25,205 inhabitants.
22. The French First Republic is proclaimed in Paris, 1792.
22. Approval of amendments to the National Constitution, 1860. The National Convention meeting in the city of Santa Fe approved the reforms projected by the Buenos Aires Provincial Convention, and proceeded to the final enactment of the National Constitution. Among other resolutions, it established the following official names for the country: United Provinces of the Plata River, Republic of Argentina and Argentine Confederation, with “Argentine Nation” being used in the drafting and enactment of the laws.
22. Otto von Bismarck is appointed Prussian premier, 1862.
22. Battle of Curupaytí, in the War of Paraguay, 1866. The Argentine Infantry's assault of the fortress of Curupaytí under the fire of the Paraguayan artillery. Was the greatest battle of that war. The assault lasted over five hours, with terrible losses in the field, until General Bartolomé Mitre ordered a staged retreat.
22. Northern French Indochina is occupied by the Japanese, 1940.
22. Reopening of the temple of Abu Simbel, in Lower Nubia, at its new site, 1968. In 1959,
UNESCO began a campaign to save the temple of being covered by the waters of the
Assuan dam. It was decided to cut it into manageable blocks and move them to the cliff
top above its original site. Facing the Nile from its western bank, the builders carved one
of the largest stone buildings in the world. Made by king Ramses II of Egypt, reminding
his great victory at the Battle of Kadesh against the Hittites in today's Syria. The study of
this battle holds great interest to scholars of military strategy. Its epilogue was equally
historic: in 1280 BC both kings Ramses and Khattusilis, signed history's oldest recorded
international agreement, establishing a condominium between the two empires. With his
northeastern borders secure, the Egyptian king ruled on until 1235 BC, a reign of 67 years
during which his name would be literally etched in stone as Ramses the Great.
23. Octavian Augustus, Roman Emperor, is born in Rome, 63 bC.
23. Birth in Buenos Aires of Mariano Moreno, 1778. He was a hardy patriot and a virtuoso politician. After obtaining a law degree in Chuquisaca and practicing his profession there, he returned to Buenos Aires in 1805. During the developments of May 1810, he was elected secretary of the Government Junta created on the 25 th . He founded the Buenos Aires Gazette to disseminate his ideals of freedom, and after his death they were held as a dogma of the May Association, during the Rosas dictatorship. He was also the founder of the Academy of Mathematics and the Buenos Aires Public Library, currently the National Library. He had disagreements with the president of the Junta, Colonel Cornelio Saavedra that were decisive in having him commissioned as minister plenipotentiary to the court of Saint James, and he sailed with his brother Manuel Moreno and Tomás Guido in the frigate La Fama. He died at sea during the journey on March 4, 1811.
23. Creation of a Triumvirate to succeed the Government Junta, 1811. As a result of the internal disagreements that existed in its midst, the Junta that had been elected on May 25, 1810 decided to be succeeded in the Executive Power by a Triumvirate formed by Feliciano A. de Chiclana, Juan J. Paso and Manuel de Sarratea, who would govern according to rules to be set by the Junta, which would have as members the representatives of the provinces that formed the country.
23. Bernardino Rivadavia was appointed secretary of the Triumvirate, 1811.
23. Letter from Chilean Admiral Cochrane to Bernardo de Monteagudo, 1821. The head of the Chilean squad, who had taken hold of the funds of the treasure of Peru disregarding the written order to return it issued by General José de San Martín, wrote on this date indicating that on the following day he would begin paying the crews of his squad.
23. Letter from General José de San Martín to General Bernardo O'Higgins, 1821. It describes the findings made inside the El Callao fortress: “... simply in the area of artillery there are over eight hundred cannons of all calibers. ...”. He also mentioned that in his understanding, that campaign was finished and that he had thought of conducting the campaign to the Intermediate Ports but that Cochrane's behavior and the displeasure it had caused him had decided him to suspend it. He ended asking for the frigate Montezuma to begin the blockade of said ports.
23. Death in Buenos Aires of Doctor Ricardo Gutiérrez, 1896. A poet, doctor and warrior, he was one of the founders of the Children's Hospital, were he worked on a voluntary basis for 25 years.
24. Death of Charles V, King of Spain and the Indies and Emperor of the Sacred Empire, 1558.
24. Establishment of a Government Junta in Montevideo, 1808. After the British Invasions of 1806 and 1807, a Junta was established making the city of Montevideo independent from the viceroyship of the Plata River, under which jurisdiction it had been until then. The Court of Spain recognized its legitimacy, undermining the authority of viceroy Santiago de Liniers y Bremond.
24. Battle of Tucumán, 1812. the royalist strategy to squash the independent government that had been established in Buenos Aires on May 25, 1810 was based on strengthening the military presence in the provinces of the Upper Peru (currently Bolivia), that were already in the power of the Lima viceroy, after the patriots had been defeated in the Battle of Huaqui on June 20, 1811. Then the plan was to invade the other provinces in the Northeast of the Viceroyship of the Plata River Provinces, coordinating the attack to Buenos Aires, the center of the revolution, with the royalist forces cantoned in Montevideo. General Pío Tristán, with an army of around 3,000 veterans, received orders to march from Cochabamba and attack General Manuel Belgrano, who was stationed in the city of Jujuy with his Army of the North. Facing forces that were very superior in number and organization, Belgrano evacuated Jujuy and Salta in August 1812, and marched towards Tucuman, in the South, with an army of around 1,800 men—many inexperienced—accompanied by a large part of the civilian population. On September 3, with the armies on the move, the royalists attacked in Las Piedras and were defeated. The retreat towards the city of Tucumán continued, with the patriot army arriving at the middle of the month. Belgrano's plan was to wait for the enemy to attack them, forming his infantry in the center and positioning his cavalry in the flanks. When Tristán arrived, he surrounded the city to cutoff the possibility of retreat and the battle ensued in the morning. In spite of their numerical superiority, the royalist were defeated in a bloody fight, where the Argentine infantry forced the Spanish to yield their positions. On the 25th Tristán abandoned the field, leaving 450 dead and 700 prisoners with 5 flags, and was chased toward Salta by the forces commanded by General Eustoquio Díaz Vélez. Tradition has published the march Batalla de Tucumán (Battle of Tucuman), written by Captain and Band Conductor Ramón Prado (Spain 1890-Argentina 1970) in .
24. Soviet-German boundary and friendship treaty is signed, 1939.
25. Installation of the first protestant church in the city of Buenos Aires, 1825.
25. General Paul Ludwig von Hindenburg is appointed C-in-C of Central Powers, Eastern
Front, 1914.
25. Beginning of Allied Champagne and Artois-Loos offensives in France (to 06-11), 1915.
26. Discovery of the Pacific Ocean, 1513. Spanish Hidalgo Vasco Núñez de Balboa, leading an expedition of some 130 men, who had departed from Darien searching for women and riches, reached the ocean and took possession of those territories for the Spanish crown.
26. The Junta of Representatives elected General Martín Rodríguez as Governor of Buenos Aires, 1820. This election put an end to the anarchy that had prevailed in the city. This government was characterized by its well-thought measures to promote trade and education. Two of its ministers, Bernardino Rivadavia and Manuel García distinguished themselves for their skillful and able management. Around that time, the main European nations recognized the independence of the United Provinces of the Plata River, the country's original name.
26. Death in London, England, of William Wheelwright, 1873. He arrived in Buenos Aires in 1823, at a time when Bernardino Rivadavia was drawing great plans to establish a system of communications by land and water, besides promoting skilled immigration. After a few years, he settled in Chile and returned to the country after the fall of Rosas. He proposed to the government of the confederation the construction of Ferrocarril Central Argentino (the Argentine Central Railway), Rosario-Cordoba line, that was inaugurated on May 17, 1870. He then built the line from Buenos Aires to the Port of Ensenada, inaugurated on December 31, 1872. He had been born in Newbury, Massachusetts, United States of America, in 1798.
26. French-US Meuse-Argonne offensive begins in France (to 11-11), 1918.
26. Seoul in South Korea is captured by the UN, 1950.
26. President George Bush ended the nuclear alert function that had been mantained by the
Strategic Air Command of the USAF for 40 years, 1991. A year later the SAC itself was
disbanded.
27. Odoacer is defeated by Theodoric at Verona, 489.
27. Born of General Louis Botha, brilliant Boer Commander, at Natal, South Africa, 1862.
27. Japan signs Tripartite Pact, and Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis is born, 1940.
27. The German battleship Bismarck is sunk by the Royal Navy off the Brest coast, 1941.
28. Greeks defeat the Persians at the Battle of Marathon, 490 bC.
28. Pompey the Great, Roman statesman and military commander, is born in Rome, 106 bC.
28. Triumph of Pompey the Great in Rome, after making Syria a Roman province and
capturing Jerusalem, 61 bC.
28. Austria, Britain and Russia form Alliance of St Petersburg against France, 1794.
28. Birth in Colonia del Sacramento of General Wenceslao Paunero, 1805. He was involved in the War of Brazil, and took part in the Battle of Ituzaingo on February 20, 1827. He was in the battles of San Roque and La Tablada, both in 1829, serving under General José M. Paz, when the country's illustrated forces defeated those of barbarity, lead by Facundo Quiroga. When Paz was made a prisoner, on May 10, 1831, Paunero migrated to Bolivia. When he heard that General Justo J. de Urquiza had declared his opposition to Juan M. Rosas, he sailed from Chile to Montevideo to enroll in the army that would fight against the governor of Buenos Aires. He traveled in the same ship in which Domingo F. Sarmiento, Bartolomé Mitre and other patriots were returning from exile. In the battle of Caseros he commanded part of the Uruguayan cavalry. He participated in the battle of Pavón and later in several actions of the War of Paraguay. When Sarmiento took office as President, he appointed him minister plenipotentiary to Brazil, where he died on June 7, 1871.
28. Reiteration of the order to Chilean Admiral Lord Cochrane to return the rest of the Peruvian money that he had taken, 1821.
28. Extraordinary meeting of the members of Círculo de Armas de Buenos Aires, 1891. The first institutions to practice shooting in Argentina were established by Swiss immigrants in some of their rural settlements, as from the middle of the 19 th Century. After the signing in 1881 of borders treaty between Argentina and Chile with which none of the parties was satisfied, both countries began experiencing a warlike climate and an expectant attitude of the citizens. In this meeting, the members of this traditional Buenos Aires institution decided to sponsor the establishment of a Federal Shooting Range that would have its main venue in Buenos Aires and branches in all the provincial capitals and major cities of the country, with the only purpose of providing shooting instruction with war weapons. Tiro Federal Argentino was established in November 6, 1891, and initially used the shooting range of Tiro Suizo in Belgrano as its Buenos Aires venue. The founding members determined that the institution would be ruled in an absolutely non-partisan manner, focusing on the defense of the territory. The first shooting range owned by the institution in the city of Buenos Aires was inaugurated in the neighborhood of Palermo on March 22, 1896. A very important number of shooting ranges of Tiro Federal were created between 1895 and 1910, extending to almost the whole Argentine territory. The march Tiro Federal was composed in honor of this institution by Captain and Band Maestro Concetto D'Arcangelo (Italy 1885-Argentina 1948), and was published by Tradition in Marches of the Argentine Infantry.
28. Turkish forces defeated by the British at Kut-al-Amara in Mesopotamia, 1915.
28. Flying Tigers begin operations in China, 1941.
29. Pompey the Great, Roman statesman and military commander, dies in Egypt, 48 bC.
29. Foundation of the city of Tucumán, 1565. Captain Diego de Villarroel, following orders of his uncle Francisco de Aguirre, governor of Tucumán, founded the city of San Miguel in honor of Spanish King Phillip II.
29. Horatio Nelson, British naval commander and defeater of the Franco-Spanish forces
at the Battle of Trafalgar, is born in Burnham Torpe, Norfolk, England, 1758.
29. Two mints were created by order of the National Congress, 1875. It was decided that one would be established in the city of Buenos Aires while the second one would be located in Salta, thus becoming the source of the National Currency.
29. In a ceremony at the National Assembly of Seoul, General Douglas Mac Arthur to South
Korean President, Mr. Syngman Rhee: “In behalf of the UN Command, I am happy to
restore to you, Mr. President, the seat of your government”.
30. Presentation to Viceroy Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros of a writ called Representación de los Hacendados (Representation of the Landholders) by Mariano Moreno, 1809. This 100-page document was the answer to a previous document by Miguel Hernández de Agüero, attorney of the Cadiz exporters, who defended the traditional trade monopoly in the Spanish colonies. Moreno defended free trade to import and export, adding with a masterly rationale that an abundant supply would benefit the population with price decreases, while free exports would add to the value of the country's products.
30. Acceptance of the donation of Cabaña de Azcuénaga to the National Executive Power, 1918. The Government accepted the legacy made by Carlos Villatte Olaguer of said estate to establish the presidential summer residence. It is currently the place of permanent residence of the President of Argentina. It has an area of around 35 hectares in the locality of Olivos, District of Vicente López. The lands belonged in the past to the Viceroy of Buenos Aires Antonio Olaguer y Feliú. At his death they passed to his son, Antonio Olaguer y Azcuénaga who in turn transferred them to his nephew and donor Carlos Villatte y Olaguer.
30. Amity between Germany and the Soviet Union settles Poland's partition, 1939.
30. Verdicts of the Nuremberg Tribunal are delivered, 1946.
30. Berlin Airlift ends (began 24-06-48), 1949.
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