1. Darius defeated by Alexander the Great at Arbela, 331 bC.
1. Don Juan de Austria, defeater of the Turks at the naval Battle of Lepanto, dies in Namur, Belgium, 1578.
1. British and Arab troops occupy Damascus, Palestine, 1918.
1. Capture of Naples by American troops, 1943.
1. Borders Treaty between Spain and Portugal, 1770. Signed in San Ildefonso, Spain, setting the borders between the Spanish and Portuguese American colonies. Spain achieved absolute and exclusive rights over the River Plate, including Colonia del Sacramento (currently Uruguay) and extended its sovereignty to the fields of Ibicui, while Portugal acquired the Island of Santa Catarina, conquered by the Spaniards.
1. Occupation of the Malvinas Islands by the Argentine Republic, 1832. The Commander of the war schooner Sarandi, José M. Pineda, occupied the islands drawing the corresponding minutes.
2. Jerusalem fell to the Saracens, under Sultan Saladin, 1187.
2. Paul von Hindenburg, soldier, statesman and President of the Weimar Republic, is born, 1847.
2. The Argentine Senate approved the Civil Marriage Act, 1888. The draft submitted by the Legislation Committee was approved with practically no changes.
2. Italian forces invade Abyssinia, 1935.
3. German forces regain Kos, 1943.
4. Spain took possession of the Malvinas Islands, 1766. French Colonel and Navy Captain Monar de Bougainville had taken possession of the islands on behalf of French King Louis XV. He found them uninhabited and without traces of ever having been populated. The Spanish government respected the French Government’s title as first occupant, but negotiated the transfer of the colony in exchange for the payment of 618,108 pounds, 13 sueldos (shillings) and 11 denarii, sum that was delivered on this date to the same Bougainville. Also on the same date, the King of Spain decided that the islands "would be subject to the Captaincy of Buenos Aires".
4. Meeting between Hitler and Mussolini at the Brenner Pass, 1940.
5. Defeat of Robert the Bruce at the Battle of Dunkalk, Scotland, 1318.
5. Granting of title and arms to the City of Buenos Aires, 1716. Spanish King Philip V, in a royal warrant dated at the Buen Retiro Palace, granted Buenos Aires the title of "Very Noble and Loyal City of Buenos Aires", with a coat of arms showing two ships anchored in a frothing silver sea and a dove flying in a pale blue sky. The creation of these arms superceded the coat of arms granted by Juan de Garay as city founder, who in his deed of October 20, 1580 had established that it would show "a black eagle painted realistically, with a crowned head, a blood red cross projecting from the hand and four eaglets underneath it, showing they are its breed".
5. Battle of the Thames, 1813. Also called the Battle of Moraviantown by the British. US forces led by Brig. Gen. William H. Garrison defeat British and Indian forces of Brig. Gen. Henry Proctor, being the warriors of the Ottawa, Delaware, Creek and Shawnee tribes commanded by chief Tecumseh. This battle neutrilized the Anglo-Indian threat from the Northwestern frontier for the duration of the war.
6. First printing made in Buenos Aires, 1780. The River Plate Viceroy, Juan. J. de Vértiz y Salcedo, had a printing press brought over from Cordoba, Argentina, with the purpose of generating additional income for the Orphanage. The press had previously belonged to the Jesuit Order and after the Jesuits were expelled from the Spanish colonies, had remained at Montserrat College.
6. Egypt and Syria combine offensives against Israel, 1973.
7. Battle of Lepanto, 1571. The Holy Alliance Fleet (Spain, Venice and the Pontifical States), under the command of John of Austria won this decisive battle against the Turkish fleet commanded by Admiral Ali Pasha. Tradition published in its TR030104 "Music of the Argentine Infantry and from the Period of Spanish Colonial Rule", part of the Mass of the Battle of Lepanto. Battle music was born during the 16th Century, with French composer Clement Jannequin, who composed "The War" as a tribute to French King Francis I for his victory over the Swiss in Marignano in 1515. This mass was composed by the Spaniard Tomás Luis de Victoria to celebrate this major naval victory. It is believed it was performed during the mass following the military review made by Santiago de Liniers y Bremond before the defense of Buenos Aires, during the Second British Invasion, in 1807.
7. Henrich Himmler, Nazi Minister of the Interior, is born in Munich, 1900.
7. Germans trap 650.000 Soviet troops at Vyazma and enter Rumania, 1941.
8. Eddie Rickenbacker, American fighter pilot of the WW I is born in Columbus, Ohio, 1890.
8. Allied forces attack Cambrai, Western Front, 1918.
9. Arrival to Valparaiso of the frigate La Argentina, 1819. Two years after having left Ensenada de Barragán (Barragan Cove), the ship arrived to Chile after having circumnavigated the world in a corsair cruise against Spanish maritime trade, under the command of Captain Hipolite Bouchard. Admiral Alexander Lord Cochrane, head of the Chilean Navy, forcibly took La Argentina and La Chacabuco from Bouchard, to seize the war booty they transported and took Bouchard prisoner. Bouchard did not resist this outrage by an ally and preferred instead to await the outcome. The Government of the United Provinces strongly protested and Colonel Mariano Necochea, under orders from General San Martin, boarded the ships heading a group of grenadiers and had the Argentine flag restored – Cochrane had ordered it lowered. Tradition in its TR020102 "Marches and Bugle Calls of the Argentine Navy" published the march La Argentina Frigate, composed by Mrs. Anna King de Williams commemorating one of the ships that saw more action during the War of Independence.
9. Ernesto "Che" Guevara is killed in Bolivia, 1967.
10. Defeat of Arabs by Charles Martel at the Battle of Tours, 732.
10. Completion of German occupation of Sudetenland, 1938.
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