1. HMS Shannoi captures the frigate USS Chesapeake, 1813.
1. Death in Lisbon, Portugal, of General John T. O'Brien, 1861. He was born in 1786 in Battingloss, County Wicklow, Ireland. He arrived in the Plata River after the start of the Wars of Independence and joined the Army of the Andes. Appointed to assist General José de San Martín as his aide, he later became his friend. He took part in the expedition to Peru and returned to Buenos Aires bringing the flags that had been taken from the Spaniards. He continued serving in the army until reaching the rank of General. After retiring from public life he settled in Chile, from where he made several trips to Europe, until his death. He was buried in the Prazeres cemetery and in 1935 his remains were handed over to the Captain of the frigate ARA Presidente Sarmiento, for transport to Buenos Aires, for placement in the pantheon of the country's forefathers, at the Recoleta Cemetery.
1. The Battle of Jutland ends, 1916.
1. British forces complete evacuation of Crete, 1941.
2. Pope Paul III issued a bula recognizing that the New World indigenous people "were real human beings", 1537.
2. Foundation of the city of Venado Tuerto, province of Santa Fe, 1883. It originated in a purchase of agricultural land in the year 1881 by Eduardo Casey, an Irish immigrant, from the government of the province of Santa Fe. He divided the land to turn the zone into a rich ranching and agricultural colony. The lands were largely bought by colonists from the British Islands, particularly Irish, and by Basques and Argentines. The train station was inaugurated on July 8, 1890. The name of the city derives from a one-eyed deer that roamed the area for a long time and enjoyed the protection of the soldiers of a nearby fort.
3. Birth of Lawyer and General Juan Manuel Belgrano, 1770. He was an ardent believer in progress based on popular education. After graduating in Law in Spain, he was the secretary of the Buenos Aires Consulate and one of the members of the First Government Junta elected on May 25, 1810. Appointed by the Junta to lead an expeditionary army into Paraguay and then another one into the North, he experienced the bitterness of defeat and the excitement of military triumph. He was an example of civic virtue and indifference to flattery. He died while still young, in poverty, 20-6-1820, at the beginning of a stage of anarchy in the country that would last several decades.
3. Surrender of Mesopotamia to Britain, 1915.
4. The Plata River Viceroy, General Pedro de Cevallos, called for the surrender of the Portuguese Governor of Colonia del Sacramento, 1777. Francisco J. Da Rocha surrendered, striking the Portuguese flag to allow the Castilian flag to be raised, with the whole garrison being taken prisoner.
4. The General Constitutional Assembly declared the United Provinces of the Plata River independent from any ecclesiastical authorities, 1813.
4. War begins between Mexico and the US, 1845.
4. Baron Carl Gustaf Emil von Mannerheim, military commander and statesman that secured the independence of Finland from the Soviet Union, is born in France, 1867.
4. Final evacuation from Dunkirk, 1940.
4. Battle of Midway begins at the Pacific, 1942.
5. Eight ships that were transporting Portuguese prisoners captured after the surrender of Colonia del Sacramento dropped anchor in Buenos Aires, 1777. Part of the prisoners were sent to other cities in the interior of the Viceroyship while others were sent to Rio de Janeiro.
5. General José de San Martín declined the supreme command of Chile, offered to him by General Bernardo O'Higgins, 1818.
6. Gaius Julius Caesar defeats Pompey the Great at Pharsalus (although August 9 is considered by some historians to be the true date), 48 bC.
6. The Papal Swiss defeat the French at Novara, 1513.
6. By law, the legislature of Buenos Aires donated the island of Choele-Choel on the Negro River, to dictator and governor Juan M. Rosas as proof of gratitude for his recently ended expedition against the Indians. Rosas refused the donation and accepted instead 60 leagues of land that were donated to him by the Legislature in September of that year, 1834.
6. Lidice in Bohemia is razed to the ground during Nazi reprisals, 1942.
6. Allied landings on the coast of Normandy, France, herald "D-Day", 1944.
7. Robert the Bruce, King of Scotland, is born in Dunbartonshire, 1329.
7. Signature of a Treaty by the Kings of Portugal and Castilla in Tordesillas, 1494, approving the partition of South America between both kingdoms, made by Pope Alexander VI in a bula dated 04-05-1493.
7. First edition of "La Gaceta de Buenos Aires", 1810. This publication was created with the agreement of the First Government Junta on 02-06-1810. It lasted until 1821. Its first editor was Mariano Moreno, followed by Manuel Alberti, Pedro Agrelo and Bernardo de Monteagudo.
7. Occupation of Mexico City by French forces, 1863.
7. German capture of Fort Vaux, Verdun, 1916.
7. Japanese invade western Aleutian Islands, Kiska and Aru, 1942.
8. Edward "The Black Prince", who led campaigns against the French, dies, 1376.
8. British victory in the battle of San Pedro, 1807. In the course of the Second Invasion to the Plata River, General Pack attacked the forces of the viceroyship commanded by General de Elío, about 5 leagues away from Colonia del Sacramento. The British made 105 prisoners, capturing a banner, 300 rifles and 6 pieces of artillery.
8. Free French and British forces invade Syria, 1941.
9. Crassus defeated by the Parthians at Carrhae, 53 bC.
9. Death in the city of Cartagena, Spain, of the last viceroy of the Plata River, Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros, 1829.
9. Norway surrenders to German forces, 1940.
9. Japanese complete conquest of Philippines, 1942.
10. Frederick I, "Barbarossa", Holy Roman Emperor, dies, 1190.
10. The Governor of Buenos Aires Francisco de Paula Bucarelli commissioned Navy Captain Juan I. Madariaga to evict the British forces that had been occupying the Malvinas/Falkland Islands since 1766, 1770.
10. Arrival in the Plata River of the British fleet transporting the land forces–lead by Brigadier General Guillermo Carr Beresford- that would conquer the city of Buenos Aires and rule it for six weeks, 1806.
10. Death in the city of Buenos Aires of the U.S. Plenipotentiary Minister, César A. Rodney, 1824.
10. Decree of the Government of Buenos Aires on the administration of the Malvinas Islands, 1829. Its text reads: "1st – The Malvinas Islands, as well as those adjacent to Cape Horn in the Atlantic will be ruled by a political and military commander, appointed immediately by the Government of the Republic. 2nd – The residence of the political and military commander shall be located in Soledad Island, there a battery shall be established, under the flag of the Republic. 3rd – The political and military commander will cause the Islands' population to observe the laws of the Republic and will ensure the observance of the regulations on amphibian relays in their coasts."
10. A landing force of 651 US Marines invaded the "Hermit Kingdom" of Korea, at the fortress island of Kangwha, which guarded the river approaches to the capital city of Seoul, 1871. On next day a successful assault was carried against the fortificated citadel of the island, lated renamed Fort Mc Kee, for the first American fell. The defenders fought with great bravery to the very end. Besides those efforts the ultimate outcome of the expedition was a failure: the "Hermit Kingdom" remained closed to the outside world. Early in 1871, the king had proclaimed an official policy of isolation against "Western barbarians". During many years ocassional visitors such as sailors or missionaires were beheaded or forbidden to leave. It was the modernizing Japanese government that forced a treaty on Korea in 1876. By 1910, Japan had formally annexed Korea into its empire, and it would remain as a province until the end of WWII.
10. Official recognition of the Argentine Red Cross, 1880. This institution originated in Switzerland in 1864, at the initiative of Jean H. Dunant. MDGuillermo Rawson implemented it in Argentina in the mid 1870's and it was given official status by the government of President Nicolás Avellaneda.
10. Free French forces evacuate Bir Hacheim, 1942.
10. Australian troops begin recapture of Borneo, 1943.
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