21. Suppression of the Jesuits by the Pope, 1773. Clement XIV (pope 1769-1774), in his bulla Dominusae Redemptor he suppressed the Company of Jesus at the behest of Spanish King Charles III, due to his conflict with the Spanish Bourbon dynasty.
21. Turkish massive night assault against Belgrade, 1456. On the next two days Hungarians and other forces defeat the Turks producing them casualties at an unusual level, 50.000 men lost in the battle plus 25.000 slain by the Serbs during their's retreit. Losses to Belgrade's defenders totaled less than 10.000.
21. British attack Gibraltar under Sir George Rooke, 1704.
22. Wallace defeated by the English at the Battle of Falkirk, 1298.
22. French forces cross the River Marne, 1918.
22. Ratification of Prince Juan Carlos de Borbón by Francisco Franco as future king of Spain, 1969.
23. Santiago de Liniers y Bremond exited the city of Montevideo leading a column of soldiers to begin the Reconquest of the city of Buenos Aires, 1806. The force, with around 600 men, marched by land to Colonia del Sacramento, to attempt the crossing of the Plata River, that was patrolled by British ships protecting the British government that had been established in Buenos Aires.
23. The Consul of Great Britain in Buenos Aires received powers and instructions from his Government to negotiate a Trade Treaty, which implied the indirect recognition of the independence of the United Provinces of the Plata, 1824.
23. Border treaty with the Republic of Chile, 1881. It was signed by Plenipotentiaries Bernardo de Irigoyen for Argentina and Francisco de B. Echeverría for Chile. It was later approved by both governments, and contributed to distend the relations between the two countries.
23. Ulises S. Grant, Commander of the Union Army and American President, dies, 1885.
23. Palermo captured by Patton's 7th Army, 1943.
23. Marshal Henri Philippe Petain dies in prison, 1951.
23. Eddie Rickenbacker, US fighter pilot of WW I, dies in Switzerland, 1973.
24. Gibraltar is taken by the British under Sir George Rooke, 1704.
24. Birth in Caracas, Venezuela, of General Simon Bolivar, 1783. He was the founder of the Republic of Colombia. His victories in the battles of Boyaca and Carabobo put an end to Spanish power in South America, thanks to the victory obtained by his subordinate, General Antonio J. de Sucre, in the battle of Ayacucho, in 1823. This gave rise to the Republic of Bolivia, so named in his honor. He died December 17, 1830.
24. Napoleon defeats the Arabs at Aboukir, Egypt, 1799.
24. Secession in fact of the province of Paraguay from the Buenos Aires Government, 1810. An Assembly of distinguished citizens meeting in the city of Asuncion decided to recognize no powers to the revolutionary authorities that had been appointed on May 25, 1810, and await the arrival of decisions from Spain, while in the mean time taking measures to secure the defense of that territory.
25. Flavius Valerius Constantius, Roman Emperor, military commander and father of Constantine the Great, dies in Eboracum (York), England, 306.
25. Arabs defeated by Portuguese at Ourique, 1139.
25. Foundation of the city of Santiago del Estero, 1553. The Board of Historical Studies of Santiago del Estero set this date for the foundation of the city, by Francisco de Aguirre. He had been born in Talavera de la Reina, Toledo, Spain, and at a young age joined the armies of King Charles V. In 1536 he shipped to America, and fought with Gonzalo Pizarro in the conquest. He was present at the foundation of Santiago de la Nueva Extremadura (Santiago de Chile), in 1541 and in 1551 was appointed governor of Tucuman. The city he founded was the first of all cities established in the Argentine Republic.
25. Birth in Niort, Bretagne, France, of General Santiago de Liniers y Bremond, 1753. His family was of a very old noble military lineage. After serving his country, he moved to Spain and was sent to the Plata River. He commanded the forces of the Viceroyship that defeated the British during the British Invasions of 1806 and 1807. He was appointed interim Viceroy of the River Plata, a position he held between 1807 and 1809, until his replacement by Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros, the last viceroy in charge of the viceroyship. After the May 1810 Revolution, while in Cordoba, he declared his loyalty to the Spanish Crown and was condemned to be shot, which happened on October 26, 1810.
25. Death in Buenos Aires of Navy Colonel Tomas Espora, 1835. He was one of the brave captains who fought under Admiral William Brown in the Wars of Independence against Spain, first and then Brazil. He had been born on September 19, 1800. At age 15 he joined the Navy. He took part in the corsaire trip of the Frigate La Argentina against Spanish trade, under Captain Hipolite Bouchard. The ship sailed on July 19, 1817 for a two year journey around the world. Tradition has published the march Navy Colonel Tomas Espora in its TR020102.
26. Saracens defeat Roderic at the Battle of Xeres, 711.
26. Creation of the 12th Line Regiment, by a Decree of Director Ignacio Alvarez, 1815. That year, the Regiment participated in the Third Expedition to the Upper Peru (currently, the Republic of Bolivia). The regiment was disbanded after the Battle of Sipe Sipe. A second 12th Infantry was created in 1816, during the organization of the Army of the Andes, and that year was paid as Battalion No. 1 of Andes Hunters (Cazadores). The 12th Infantry Regimen was recreated in 1865 for the Paraguay War, and participated in the Battles of Tuyuty and Curupayty. In 1879 it was part of the Desert Campaign, where it held five combats against the Indians. In 1882 it became part of a Brigade with the 3rd and 11th Cavalry regiments of the Andes Campaign until the final defeat of the Indians. Currently, the 12th Mechanized Infantry Regiment, called "General Arenales" for its first chief, is garrisoned in the town of Toya, Province of La Pampa. Sub lieutenant and Band Conductor Juan D. Tonazzi (Italy 1858-Argentina 1935), composed the military march 12th Line, published by Tradition in TR020101.
26. Conference of Guayaquil, 1822. General Jose de San Martin arrived in the city that afternoon, and immediately proceeded to the house where General Simon Bolívar was lodged. That day they held a first long meeting, alone.
26. Revolution in Buenos Aires, 1890. Known as the Revolution of the Park, because the revolutionaries made their stronghold in the Artillery Park in what is currently Lavalle Square in the city of Buenos Aires, it was the first of the raids conducted by the Radical Party. A revolutionary junta was set up, chaired by Leandro Nicéforo Alem, together with Aristóbulo del Valle, Mariano Demaría, Miguel Goyena, Juan J. Romero and Lucio V. López. They published a manifesto against the President of the Republic Miguel Juárez Celman, who renounced to be succeeded by his vice president, Carlos Pellegrini. The revolutionaries were successfully put down by General Nicolás Levalle.
26. Rising in Dublin, Ireland, 1914.
26. Egyptian leader Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal, 1956.
27. Second conference alone between Generals Bolivar and San Martin, 1822. It was followed by a dinner where Bolivar made the following toast : "Gentlemen, to the two greatest men of South America, General San Martin and myself". This was answered by San Martin with: "To the prompt end of the war, the organization of the new republics in the American continent and the health of the liberator of Colombia." That same night San Martin embarked to return to Peru.
27. First Battle of El Alamein, North Africa, ends, 1942.
27. Sign of the armistice agreement and cease-fire at the Korean War, 1953. A total of 24.965 American fighting men had died, 101.368 were wonded and 12.939 were listed as missing, presumed dead. Casualties among the other UN forces –mainly from the UK, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Turkey- totaled 2.597 killed, 9.581 wonded and 1.925 missing. North Korea losses were determined by the UN Joint Chiefs to be 214.899 killed, 303.685 wonded and 101.680 missing, while the Chinese lost 401.401 killed, 486.995 wonded and 21.211 missing. In addition, more than 2M South and North Korean civilians were killed or injured. A total of 118.917 fighting men of both sides became P-of-W. The US and the UN got what they originally strove for, the preservation of South Korea as an independent nation.
28. British fire-ships disperse Spanish Armada in the English Channel, 1588.
28. The General Constitutional Assembly ordered the Potosi mint to produce gold and silver coins with the inscription United Provinces of the Plata River, 1813.
28. Solemn swearing of the Independence of Peru in the city of Lima, 1821. General Jose de San Martin, accompanied by his officers and before the people of Peru, raised the country's flag that he had created himself and pronounced the following harangue: "Peru is as from this moment free and independent by the general will of the people and the justice of its cause that is defended by God."
28. Foundation of the city of Rawson, Province of Chubut, 1865. The Welsh settlers, who had arrived in the area shortly before, founded this city and named it after the Minister of Government of General Bartolome Mitre's administration, Guillermo Rawson, who had contributed to facilitating their settlement.
28. Japanese landings in French Indochine, 1941.
29. Final routing of the Spanish Armada, 1588.
30. Naval battle of Los Pozos, 1826. An intense and fierce combat was waged in front of the city of Buenos Aires, between the patriot squadron commanded by Admiral William Brown and the Brazilian one, led by Juan P. Grenfell. In spite of the difference of means enjoyed by the Brazilians, they retreated in defeat.
30. Hand to hand combat between Argentine and Paraguayan troops in Laguna Vera, Paraguay, 1868. The forces of Paraguay were annihilated.
30. Surrender of Indian Chiefs Manuel Grande and Tripaylao, 1877. Together with their lancers, the chiefs surrendered before the forces of the National Army.
30. Prince Otto von Bismarck, German militar and statesman, dies, 1898.
30. Nationalist forces seize Tipperary, Ireland, 1922.
31. Archangel, Arctic theatre captured by Anglo-French forces, 1918.
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