1. France declares war on Holland and Britain, 1793.
1. Wood Royen arrived to the Juan Fernández Island, Pacific Ocean, 1708. He found English sailor Alexander Setrirk, who had been abandoned there by his captain four years ago. According
to writer Miguel Navarro Viola, this date is the link to the novel Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe,
who supposedly idealized the adventures of the sailor.
1. William Brown, with the rank of Navy Lieutenant Colonel, takes command of the squadron that
had been organized to fight the Spanish fleet in Montevideo, 1814.
1. Commodore William Brown, in his corsair cruise against Spanish trade in the Pacific Ocean,
reaches the mouth of the Guayas River, close to Guayaquil, preparing for combat with the
Spanish garrison, 1816.
1. Major vietcong offensive, fierce attack upon Hue, 1968.
2. King Stephen defeated at the Battle of Lincoln, 1141.
2. Lancastrians defeated by the Yorkists at Mortimer's Cross, 1461.
2. First foundation of the city of Buenos Aires, 1536. Don Pedro de Mendoza founded the city and
named it Puerto de Nuestra Señora del Buen Aire (Port of Our Lady of Good Air.)
2. The General Constitutional Assembly, at the proposal of Representative Carlos M. de Alvear,
grants freedom to the offspring of slave mothers, born after January 31, 1813, in the territory
of the United Provinces of the Plata River, 1813.
2. Signature in Buenos Aires of a Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Treaty between the
United Provinces of the Plata River and Great Britain, 1813. It was the first treaty signed by
Argentina with a European country, to which Prime Minister George Canning contributed with
particular interest. On February 19 it was ratified by the Argentina government and the
British government did likewise in London on May 10. A few days later, Canning sent the document
to the House of Commons, where it was received with general acceptance. It was the first time
Britain recognized the independence of a country in South America.
2. War between México and the US ends with the Treaty of Guadaloupe Hidalgo, 1848.
2. War declared on Turkey by Greece, 1878.
2. German forces surrender at Stalingrad, 1943.
3. A French squadron commanded by Captain de Bouganville, takes possession of the
Malvinas (Falkland) Islands on behalf of the King of France, 1764.
3. Birth of Robert Billinghurst, in Surrey, England, 1782. Having settled in Buenos Aires, he took
active part in the May Revolution of 1810. With the patriot troops, he was present at the Siege
of Montevideo and participated in the Battle of Las Piedras. As recognition for his services, he
was granted the first letter of citizenship ever conferred in the country. He died in 1811.
3. British troops commanded by General Sir Samuel Auchmuty stormed the city of
Montevideo, attacking from three points, 1807. The British defeated the forces of the Viceroy,
headed by the Governor, General Pascual Ruiz Huidobro, who was taken prisoner.
3. Turkish attacks fail to cross the Suez Canal, 1915.
3. USA breaks diplomatic relations with Germany, 1917.
4. Lucius Septimus Severus, Roman emperor, born in York, England, 211.
4. Tadeusz Kosciuszko, Polish patriot and fighter, born, 1746.
4. Talaat Pasha becomes Turkish grand vizier, 1917.
4. Adolf Hitler takes office as War Minister, von Ribbentrop is appointed Foreign Minister, 1938.
4. Roosvelt, Churchill and Stalin starts Yalta Conference, 1945.
5. Minorca captured by the Spanish from British forces, 1782.
5. The Siege of Cadiz, Spain (to 25-08-12), 1810.
5. Sir Hiram S. Maxim, inventor of the machine gun, born in Maine, U.S.A., 1840.
5. The Argentine government receives dispatches from Paraguay's dictator, Marshall Francisco Solano López, requesting permission for a Paraguayan army to cross the territory of the Province of Corrientes, in order to invade the Empire of Brazil. The President of the Republic, General Bartolomé Mitre refused to grant such permition and asked for explanations on the concentration of Paraguayan troops close to the border with the Republic of Argentina, 1865.
5. US troops under the command of General Mac Arthur enter Manila, 1945.
6. Gaius Julius Caesar's victory at Thapsus, North Africa, over the Pompeians under Cata,
Metellus Scipio and King Juba II, 46 bC
6. Britain declares war on France, 1778.
6. Enactment of the Constitution that sets up the National Executive Power, 1827. It is provided that this power will be vested on the person elected by the members of Congress with a majority of votes, with the title of President of the United Provinces of the Plata River.
6. Arrival in Buenos Aires of General José de San Martín, 1827. He arrives at the outer navigation beacons on the ship Count of Chichester. The illustrious passenger does not disembark.
6. General Robert E. Lee is appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Confederate armies, 1865.
6. Foundation of the Argentine Geographic Institute, 1879. It was set up at the suggestion of Dr. Estanislao S. Cevallos, founder of the Argentine Scientific Society, with the special purpose of promoting the exploration and description of the Republic's territories, coasts, islands and adjacent seas. On the 15th day of said month, the regulations of the Institute were passed and its Executive Board was appointed on an interim basis.
7. Austria and Prusia form alliance against France, 1792
7. Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes, East Prusia (to 21-2), 1915.
7. Bayonet assault at Soam-Ni, Korea, 1951. Troops of the Easy Company, 27th. Infantry
Regiment of the US Army, leaded by Captain Lewis Millett –lately awarded with the Congress
Medal of Honor-, charge against Chinese forces atop of Hill 180. Of 47 enemy dead, 18 had
been killed by the bayonets.
8. Battle of Eylau (from 07-02), 1807.
8. (and 9th) Battle of Juncal, 1827. .
8. William Sherman, Union general and military commander in the US Civil War, born in
Lancaster, Ohio, 1820.
8. Odessa is taken by Bolshevik forces, Russia, 1920.
9. Formal founding of the Confederate States of America, 1861.
9. Japanese resistence ends on Guadalcanal, 1943.
9. French victory at Colmar in Alsace, 1945.
9. Allies reach the Rhine, 1945.
10. The Seven Years War between Britain and Spain ends with the signing of the Treaty
of Paris, 1763.
10. Signature of a Peace Treaty between Spain, France, Great Britain and Portugal, 1763. Under this
treaty, the parties agreed to reciprocally restore to each other the possessions taken during the war
that began in 1762. Consequently, Spain returned to Portugal Colonia del Sacramento and San
Gabriel island that had been occupied by General Pedro de Cevallos following instructions of
Spanish king Charles III.
10. Battle of Sobraon, 1846. During the late XVIII and early XIX centuries the army of the
British East India Company had conquered more than half the Indian subcontinent. But on
the Northwestern Frontier Ranjit Singh, a Sikh maharaja who united the Punjab under his
powerful government at Lahore, planted flatly in the way of British expansionism. The
Sikhs are a warrior religious sect, blending together elements of the Hindu and Muslim faiths.
In the 1600's, faced with persecution from the Mogul emperors of India, the guru Gobind had
founded a Sikh order that he named the Khalsa (Punjabi for “pure”). Over the course of
several centuries, the warrior Sikhs had become the ruling class of the Punjab by the time
of Ranjit's rise to power. He transformed the Khalsa. He hired European and American
mercenaries, including several French veterans of Napoleon's Grande Armée to train the Khalsa
in European fashion. The Sikh army was a well trained and motivated force with an
excellent heavy artillery that had campaigned successfully from Afghanistan to Tibet.
British forces under General Hugh Gough encircled the Sikh troops on the southern bank of
the Sutlej River at Sobraon. By noon the infantry of the Khalsa had virtually ceased to exist.
This battle secured the British Northwest Frontier, thus Northern India, from the devastation
that would occur twelve years later during the Sepoy Mutiny. Remarkably, within two years of
the bloodbath of Sobraon, the Khalsa had regained enough strenght to seriously challenge
the British again. After the Second Sikh War and the annexation of the Punjab, Sikh
regiments were incorporated into the British army. They remained loyal and secured the
frontier during the sepoy mutiny of 1857, and much later fought gallantly in both world
wars, carrying the spirit of the Khalsa into the XX century.
10. Leon Trotski announces Russian abstention from war, 1918.
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