21. Attack to the city of Santa Fe, 1720. A large number of indians attacked the city, but were defeated thanks to the heroic resistance of its population.
21. The Buenos Aires Government Junta ordered all neighbors to surrender their firearms immediately at the residence of Junta member Miguel de Azcuénaga, with a receipt, 1810.
21. Issue of the first Argentine Stamp, 1856. The Province of Corrientes issued the country's first stamp with a value of One Real. The edition of the newspaper El Comercio of that day said: the little stamps have on the reverse a substance that, once wet, easily sticks onto the letter posted”. Such innovation was due to the governor of the Province, Juan Pujol.
21. Battle of Caraguatay, War of Paraguay, 1869. Brazilian and Argentine troops commanded by Brazilian Colonel Carlos B. De Oliveira Nery, attacked and defeated a Paraguayan column.
21. Frigate A.R.A. Presidente Sarmiento was launched , 1897. Built in England as a school ship to train navy cadets, the future officers of the Argentine Navy, it arrived in the country in 1898 commanded by Frigate Captain Onofre Betbeder. The Sarmiento , retired from active duty, is currently a floating museum located in the Madero Port of the city of Buenos Aires.
21. The Battle of Bapaume, 1918.
22. French troops reach Ireland, 1798.
22. Napoleon leaves Egypt, 1799.
22. First raising of the Argentine flag in the city of Buenos Aires, 1812. It took place in the tower of the church of Saint Nicholas, where the Obelisk currently stands, a construction that is the symbol of the city.
23. Gnaeus Julius agrícola, Roman military commander who completed Julius Caesar's invasion
of Britain, dies, 93.
23. Alaric and the Visigoths capture Rome, 410.
23. Sir William Wallace, Scottish patriot and leader, is beheaded and quartered, London, 1305.
23. Jujuy Exodus, 1812. The bulk of the operations army, commanded by General Manuel Belgrano began its retreat from the city of Jujuy towards Tucuman, leaving the area open to the royalist army commanded by General Pío Tristan, which was marching towards it and was much more numerous and consisted of veteran troops. A large share of the civilian population joined in the retreat, giving start to a true exploit of Argentine history.
23. Letter of Simon Bolivar to José de San Martin, 1821. Sent by hand through his aide, Colonel Diego Ibarra, it said, among other things: “My first thought in the field of Carabobo, when I saw my fatherland free, was for your Excellency, Peru and its Liberation Army. When seeing that no obstacle remained for me to fly to extend my arms to the Liberator of South America, my mind was filled with joy. You must believe me, your Excellency: after the good of Colombia, nothing concerns me more than the success of Your Excellency's arms so worthy of taking your glorious banners wherever there may be slaves that will take shelter under it ...”.
23. Britain claims Hong-Kong from China, 1839.
23. Germany and the Soviet Union sign non-aggression pact, 1939.
23. An all-night German air raid on London begins the “Blitz”, 1940.
24. The expedition that would found Buenos Aires sailed from Spain, 1534. It left from the port of Sanlúcar de Barrameda led by Pedro de Mendoza, commanding an expedition he paid for, consisting of 16 ships that transported around one thousand men and women, mostly ready to settle down in the New World. On February 2, 1536, Mendoza, as first Adelantado of the Plata River, would found the Port of Our Lady of Good Air (Buenos Aires).
24. Peace of Breda confirms New York to the British, 1667.
24. US troops defeat the Mexicans and capture Monterrey, 1846.
24. A law is passed authorizing the construction of tracks for tramways in Buenos Aires, 1868. The first concession granted to a company to establish a urban service was granted to Messrs Federico and Julio Lacroze, who inaugurated the first line on February 19, 1869, in at the corner of the streets Piedad (today Tacuarí) and Cangallo.
24. The President sent a bill to Congress to declare the city of Buenos Aires the capital of Argentina, 1880. The bill by President Nicolas Avellaneda also defined the current city limits.
24. Birth of Jorge L. Borges, 1899.
25. First Roman invasion of Britain, 55 bC. Gaius Julius Caesar embarked two legions, Legii VII and X – a total of 10.000 men- onto 80 transports for crossing the Channel from Gaul to Britannia. After many efforts for adding a new province to the Empire, the results of this expedition was a fiasco. Again in Rome Caesar managed to convert a near-disaster into something very well masquaraded as a triumph. For the second wave preparation were extremely careful. 800 ships (10 times the invasion fleet of 55 bC) were made ready. A revault in Gaul disrupted Caesar´s schedule, but at least, together with five legions, the cavalry and an Indian elephant –the first taken to Britain- Caesar set sail from Boulogne at 54 bC.
25. Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible), Tsar of Russia, is born in Moscow, 1530.
25. Foundation of the city of San Luis, 1594. By Don Luis Jufré de Loaiza y Meneses, who had been commissioned to found a city to protect the communications between Chile and the Plata River.
25. The patriot forces retreated from Potosí, 1811. After the defeat of Huaqui or the Desaguadero River on June 20, 1811, the patriot operations army was forced to retreat southwards, pursued by the triumphant royalist forces. At the Imperial Villa of Potosí, where a mint operated, Colonel Juan M. de Pueyrredón, who had supervised the orderly retreat, decided to abandon the city, taking the substantial treasure that was found in it, to avoid it being taken by the royalists. His success was greatly commended.
25. Autonomy of the Province of Catamarca, 1821. The territory of Catamarca had previously been under the Province of Tucuman since October 8, 1814. After achieving its autonomy, the first provincial governor was Nicolas Avellaneda y Tula, grandfather of a future Argentine President, Nicolas Avellaneda.
25. Indian attack to the Argentine Fort, 1837. At dawn, around 1,600 indians armed with lances and commanded by chiefs Alón, Melinguer and Milalco attacked the fort, that had protected and given rise to the city of Bahía Blanca, with the objective of taking it over. Commander Martiniano Rodriguez, with a squadron of Blandengues de la Frontera (border patrol) and another of Dragoons, plus some militia infantry and one piece of artillery, resisted the attack. After several hours of intense fighting, the Indians were completely defeated and scattered.
25. Anglo-French forces capture Tientsin, China, 1860.
25. Indian attacks, 1871. The Commander of Fort Charlone, Rafael Sosa, pursued and reached a group of Indians who were driving around 260 heads of stolen cattle, and rescued a soldier who had been taken prisoner. That same day, another group of indians made a sortie in the point called Paso de las Amarguras (Pass of Bitterness.) Captain Castañón led a company to chase after them, without being able to reach them, but Major José Ruiz, who was at the Guerrero Fort, went out to meet them and managed to disband them, although he could not pursue them because his forces were too small.
25. Arrival in Buenos Aires in an official visit of His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, 1925. Eduard of Windsor, heir to the British throne, was received very warmly during his visit to the country. After being crowned, he abdicated to marry Wally Simpson, and was succeed on the throne by his brother George, upon whose death, his daughter was crowned Elizabeth II, on June 2, 1953.
25. Berlin bombed by Royal Air Force, 1940.
25. Liberation of Paris, 1944.
26. French defeated by Edward III at the Battle of Crecy, France, 1346.
26. Foundation of the city of Resistencia, capital of the Province of Chaco, 1750. The city was founded by the Jesuits, who called it San Fernando del Río Negro. After the Jesuits were expelled on orders of Charles III, the city was destroyed by the Indians. It was founded for a second time one century later by Franciscan priests, as Reducción de San Buenaventura del Monte Alto . The current denomination has its origin in the fence that was erected around 1872 by Colonel José M. Ávalos as a shelter for the local dwellers, due to the frequent attacks by the Indians. In 1875, a surveying commission that had been sent by the national government with the purpose of exploring and measuring plots suitable for the establishment of villages and agricultural colonies recommended maintaining the name “Resistencia” (Resistance). After the approval of the survey, on January 27, 1878, the town with that name was designated the capital of the National Territory of Chaco, that is currently a province. On February 2, 1878 60 families from Udine, Italy, disembarked in the port of Saint Ferdinand, at the current location of the Regatta Club, with the purpose of populating and colonizing those lands.
26. Russians defeated by Frederick II of Prussia at Zorndorff (Seven Years War), 1758.
26. Death by a firing squad of Santiago de Liniers y Bremond, 1810. The First Government Junta, following Mariano Moreno's recommendation, ordered the death of the former viceroy of the Plata River for his counter-revolutionary activities. That day, Juan J. Castelli had the Junta's order complied with. Together with Liniers, also shot were Brigadier Juan Gutierrez de la Concha, Victorino Rodriguez, Santiago de Allende and Joaquin Moreno, in a site called Cabeza de Tigre or Cruz Alta, in the Province of Cordoba.
26. Battle of Cobos, 1812. The rearguard of the patriot army, which was retreating from Jujuy to the city of Tucuman, was attacked by the Spanish avant-guard, with the independentists managed to defeat the royalists.
26. The Battle of Dresden (to 27-08), 1813.
26. The Battle of the Katzbach River, 1813.
26. Bombardment of Algiers, 1826.
27. Letter of Martin de Álzaga on the Reconquest of Buenos Aires, 1806. Writing to Antonio Lopez, he explained that the city had been retaken by an expedition of 700 men from Montevideo and Colonia del Sacramento commanded by Santiago de Liniers that was engrossed by some 2,500 warriors from “the noble and loyal neighborhood”, who “mainly supported by me, operated and fought that day with the greatest endeavor seen so far”.
27. Bombardment of Algiers, 1816. A British and Dutch fleet attack the Barbary Corsairs fortress in Algiers. After a 10 hours battle with heavy losses on both sides a great success is performed, with more than 1.700 enslaved prisioners being liberated.
27. Death of Bernardo de Vera y Pintado in the city of Santiago de Chile, 1827. Author of Chile's National Anthem, he had been born in the city of Santa Fe, Argentina, on February 6, 1780.
27. Signature of the preliminary agreement of Rio de Janeiro, 1828. The Republic of Argentina and the Empire of Brazil signed an agreement that was preliminary to the Peace Treaty, after the war between both countries. The agreement recognized the independence of the Republic of Uruguay.
27. Assignation to Escadrille Spa.93 of Caporal Eugene J. Bullard (1894-1961), 1917. A Foreign Legionnaire from Columbus, Ga., becomes the first African American to earn a military brevet. In contrast to the Aviation Francaise the US Army would not introduce black airmen to its ranks until 1943.
27. Germany tests the first turbo-jet airplane, 1939.
27. First ship sunk by an antiship glide bomb, 1943. A Luftwaffe Dornier Do. 317 E-5 bomber sank HMS Egret with a Henschel HS. 293 bomb. Was a radio-controlled weapon guided by the bombardier and limited to a short range in clear weather.
28. Birth in La Rochelle, France, of Amado Bonpland, 1773. A naturalist and botanist, he led a novelesque life. Following the suggestion of Bernardino Rivadavia, whom he had met in London, he traveled to Buenos Aires, where he arrived on January 29, 1817 with his family, two gardeners and a load of plants and seeds. He also traveled together with naturalist Alexander von Humboldt. In 1821, he made a trip to the Paraguayan jungles, where he was taken prisoner, and only managed to be released ten years later. He died on May 11, 1858 in the Province of Corrientes.
28. Foundation of the National Library of Lima, Peru, 1821. By General Jose de San Martin, who donated all the books of his personal library to that effect.
28. Creation of the National Archives, 1821. By a decree of the Governor of Buenos Aires, General Martin Rodriguez, supported by his government minister, Bernardino Rivadavia.
28. Siege in Venice ends with its capture by Austrians, 1849.
28. Assassination attempt against the President, 1873. As his carriage was crossing the corner of the current Corrientes and Maipu streets, at approximately 9 p.m., an attempt was made to assassinate Domingo F. Sarmiento, shooting him with a blunderbuss loaded with poisoned bullets. The weapon had been overloaded and exploited in the assassin's hands, wounding him. Sarmiento, who was already quite deaf, did not hear the report, while the coachman hurried on the horses at full gallop.
28. British capture Cetyawayo in the Zulu War, 1879.
28. Second sea Battle at Heligoland Bight (former on 09-05-1864). A British fleet of battle cruisers charged into the German out post line and sunk three light cruisers, 1914.
29. Turks defeat the Hungarians at Mohaez, 1526.
29. British victory over the Boers at Boomplatz, South Africa, 1848.
29. The General Constitutional Assembly of Santa Fe decreed the election of the first constitutional president and vice president, 1853. The popular election took place on November 1, 1853. The electoral college met on November 20 and sent their votes to Congress. On February 20, 1854 Congress counted them and proclaimed General Justo J. de Urquiza as President and Salvador M. del Carril as Vice President.
29. First railway journey in Argentina, 1857. Engine La Porteña made its first trip from the Park station -at the current location of the Colon Theater- to the San José de Flores park. It was driven by John Allen and the stoker was Alfonso Carrozzi. It traveled at a speed of 15 Km. per hour.
29. Soviet Union explodes H bomb, 1953.
30. French forces defeat Frederick II of Prussia at Johannisberg, 1762.
30. Confederates defeat Union forces at the Second Battle of Bull Run, 1862.
31. Jahangir, Mogul Emperor of India, is born, 1569.
31. Birth in Buenos Aires of Joaquin Rivadavia, 1810. Son of Bernardino Rivadavia, he received a polished education and accompanied his father to Europe where he was the Argentine representative. In 1829, he volunteered to join one of the units of General Juan G. de Lavalle. He took part in the battle of Yeruá on September 22, 1839 and Don Cristóbal on April 10, 1840. His performance earned him the rank of Sergeant Major. In September 1841, he fought in Famaillá or Monte Grande. When his army was destroyed, he escorted its remains in its march to Jujuy, and later escorted the remains of General Lavalle until they were deposited in the Cathedral of Potosí. After the Battle of Caseros he returned to Argentina and took part in the Battle of Cepeda and in the War of Paraguay.
31. The Battle of Bidassoa (to 01-09), 1813.
31. French enter Cadiz after storming the Trocadero, Southern Spain, 1823.
31. Delivery of the remains of Santiago de Liniers y Bremond to Spain, 1862. Based on the wish of the Queen of Spain, Elizabeth II, the remains of the Defender of Buenos Aires were shipped, first to Montevideo where they were delivered to the commander of the Spanish warship Gravina , who took them to Spain. On June 1864, they were deposited in a monument erected in the Pantheon of Illustrious Sailors of San Carlos, in Cadiz, with the following legend: “Here rest the ashes of his Excellency Santiago de Liniers, former chief of the fleet and viceroy of Buenos Aires”.
31. Population of the Province of Buenos Aires, 1908. According to the Statistical Bulletin of the Province, the population at that date was 1,610,386 inhabitants.
31. General Andranik Ozanian, dies in the US, 1927. Born in Armenia in 1865, was a fierce and heroic fighter for the liberty of Armenians from Turkish rule.
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