1. Victory for the British, Brunswick, Hannoverians and Hessen-Cassels, under Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick, over the French at the Battle of Minden, Germany, 1759.
1. Horatio Nelson destroys French fleet off Aboukir, Egypt, 1798.
1. Battle of Perdriel, 1806. During the First British Invasion, the 71st Highlanders defeated the troops of the viceroyship led by General Juan M. de Pueyrredón and the borders commander, Antonio Olavarría, in the farm of Perdriel, close to the village of Luján.
1. The Supreme Director appointed Colonel Major Jose de San Martin as Commander in Chief of the Army of the Andes. The organization of this army had began in 1814.
1. Colonel Lorenzo Barcala was shot by a firing squad in the main square of Mendoza, 1835. His parents had been African slaves and he adopted his surname as a result of having been raised in the household of notary Cristóbal Barcala. He was set free by the 1813 Decree of the General Constitutional Assembly. He was a member of the Black and Colored Grenadiers Battalion, that saw action in several battles, and displayed outstanding courage. He served under General José M. Paz. After the death of Facundo Quiroga he retired to San Juan, but remained preoccupied with the idea of deposing the cruel friar Aldao, who ruled Mendoza. Aware of this, Aldao had him taken prisoner, subjected to a summary trial and condemned to death. He had been born in Mendoza on December 23, 1795.
1. Germany declares war on Russia, 1914.
1. France movilises, 1914.
2. Victory for Hannibal at Cannae, Italy, 216 bC.
2. Birth in Buenos Aires of Esteban de Luca, 1786. A poet, journalist and military man, during the British Invasions he joined the Patrician Regiment, where he was the flag bearer and received a commendation for his courage. He supported the liberty principles of the May Revolution of 1810, and took part in it as a Captain in the America Regiment. Later, he directed the first national weapons factory. He participated in the Literary Society and wrote for the newspapers Argos and La Abeja Argentina. He drowned in the shipwreck of the Agenor on March 17, 1824, en route to Rio de Janeiro.
2. Appointment of Napoleon Bonaparte as First Consul for life, 1802.
2. Death in Buenos Aires of Eduardo Gutierrez, 1889. A journalist and writer, part of his works were his fictionalized stories on the dictatorship of Juan M. Rosas and on rural characters. He is the author, among others, of Juan Moreira; Santos Vega; Hormiga Negra; La mazorca; Juan Manuel de Rosas . He had been born in Buenos Aires on July 15, 1851.
2. Admiral Scheer holds supreme command of German Navy and Admiral Hipper appointed C-in-C of High Seas Fleet, 1918.
2. Russian troops invade East Prusia, 1914.
2. Iraqi forces invade Kuwait, Gulf War, 1990.
3. Marcus Aurelius leaves Rome to settle unrest of the tribes on the Danube, 178.
3. Christopher Columbus set sail from the port of Palos, Andalusia, 1492. The future Great Admiral had the purpose of reaching Asia by sailing West. His trip led him to the Spanish discovery of the continent that would later be called America.
3. Santiago de Liniers set sail from the port of Colonia, in the East Bank, 1806. A fleet made up of some 25 light vessels commanded by Frigate Captain Juan Gutierrez de la Concha carried the troops assembled in Montevideo and Colonia to reconquer Buenos Aires, that at the time was under British rule.
3. Germany declares war on France, 1914.
4. General William Carr Beresford decrees freedom of trade in the Plata River, 1806. The then de facto governor writes in the preamble of his decree: “The British Commander is happy to announce to the people that the system of monopoly, restriction and oppression has come to an end; the people will be able to enjoy the production of other countries at moderate prices; the products and manufactures of your country are free from the oppression and treatment that suffocated them.”
4. Liniers' expedition landed in Las Conchas, 1806. After crossing the Plata River, the troops assembled some 50 Km. North from Buenos Aires, where they were reinforced by other groups of men, some of them unarmed.
4. Britain declares war on Germany, 1914.
4. Belgium invaded by German forces at Gemmerich, 1914.
4. US declares neutrality, 1914.
4. Warsaw occupied by Germany, 1915.
4. End of Second Battle of the Marne (began 15-07), 1918.
4. General Francisco Franco captures Badajoz in the Spanish Civil War, 1936.
5. Battle of Castiglione, 1796. The French Army of Italy inflicts a defeat to the Austrians under theirs new C-in-C, Field Marshal Dagobert Sigismond Graf von Würmser. The survivors escaped only because the French were completely exhausted after three days of continuous fighting.
5. Death in Buenos Aires in a condition of the greatest economic poverty of General Antonio Gonzalez Balcarce, 1819. He was the head of the first expedition to the Upper Peru in 1810, and took part in the Battle of Suipacha, the first victory of the Argentine arms. In 1814 he was also mayoral governor of Buenos Aires. After the Battle of Maipu, which sealed the freedom of Chile, the Chilean government celebrated the victory with a solemn Te Deum in the Cathedral of Santiago to which he was invited as one of the highest ranking officers of the army. He refused to attend, on the grounds that “... believe me your Excellency that the shirt I wear belongs to a patriot who has been kind enough to lent it to me.”
5. Inauguration in the North Atlantic of the first submarine cable, 1858.
5. End of Soviet forces resistance in Smolensk, 1941.
5. Kharkov recaptured by Soviet troops, 1943.
6. Victory on the Arabs at Simancas, Spain, 939.
6. Santiago de Liniers is taken prisoner, 1810. The reconqueror of Buenos Aires and former interim viceroy was captured in a hill close to Chañar, Province of Cordoba, and taken to the camp of General Antonio Gonzalez Balcarce.
6. Letter from General Jose de San Martin to General Bernardo O'Higgins, 1821, communicating officially that he had taken office as supreme authority of Peru with the title of “Protector”, until the assembly of a sovereign congress of its people “... on which august representation I shall bestow the command and withdraw to my residence.”
6. Battle of Junin, 1824. The allied independence armies commanded by General Simon Bolivar defeated General Canterac's royalist forces. The clash involved mostly swords and lances, with few shots being fired. Initially the Spanish cavalry managed to push back the patriots. A few Argentine chiefs with their men had a decisive intervention, among them General Mariano Necochea leading the right wing and Lieutenant Colonel Manuel I. Suarez at the head of a regiment of Peruvian hussars. Both armies gained and lost ground sequentially, until the squadrons scrambled with each man fighting on his own. General Bolivar, believing everything was last, withdrew from the battlefield with his chiefs of staff. The Spanish, however, yielded to the incredible thrust of Lieutenant Colonel Suarez, who ordered his bugler to sound “take no prisoners”, attacking the royalist cavalry vehemently. This was the beginning of a new struggle, bloodier than may be imagined: this formation attacked on its own with such fury that the Colombian corps was able to reassemble and decide the battle in favor of the independence army. Although the head of the army was Bolivar, it was the chiefs, officers and soldiers of the Argentine army -recently placed in command- who were instrumental in winning the battle. As an immediate consequence, the provinces that were part of the Upper Peru within the Viceroyship of the Plata River Provinces and Peru, declared their independence. This gave rise to the establishment of the Republic of Bolivia, that solemnly proclaimed its independence on July 10, 1825.
6. Beginning of French-Moroccan War, 1844.
6. Resignation of the President of the Republic, 1890. President Miguel Juarez Celman submitted his resignation to the National Congress, as a result of the revolution of July 26, 1890, denominated the Park revolution by its authors, the founders of the Radical Party, an Argentine political grouping that was always characterized by its inclination towards coups, when in the opposition. Congress accepted the resignation by 61 votes against 22, and then Vice President Carlos Pellegrini took the oath of office.
6. US drop atomic bomb on Hiroshima, 1945.
6. UN Resolution 661 establishes embargo, Gulf War, 1990.
7. Attack to Colonia del Sacramento, 1680. The commander of the militias of Santa Fe, Field Marshall Antonio de Vera, had traveled to the East Bank (currently the Republic of Uruguay) on orders of the Governor of Buenos Aires, José de Garro, leading troops of Santa Fe, Buenos Aires and Guarani indians from the Jesuit missions. There he attacked and defeated the Portuguese army commanded by General Antonio de Lobo who was garrisoned in Colonia, taking the position by storm. Since then, the field where the army of the viceroyship camped is called Real Vera as a tribute to him.
7. Foundation of the Orphanage in Buenos Aires, 1779. This institution to assist abandoned or deprived children was created at the time of the viceroyship of Juan J. de Vértiz y Salcedo, and its first administrator was philanthropist Martin de Sarratea.
7. Publication in The Times on the Revolution of May 25, 1810. The news is published on the day following the arrival in London of the envoy sent by the Buenos Aires First Government Junta.
7. Combat in Azcurra, War of Paraguay, 1869. Troops commanded by Colonel Donato Álvarez storm Paraguayan trenches in a successful attack using knives, and then withdraw in order as a massive counterattack of the Paraguayan artillery was launched.
7. Mata-Hari, courtesan and spy, is born in the Netherlands, 1876.
7. Eight months after Pearl Harbor, 15 US Navy transports landed the 1st. Marine División on Guadalcanal, the first American amphibious offensive of WWII, 1942. The Japanese were constructing an airfield on the island, renamed Henderson Field by a Marine pilot who had died during the Battle of Midway, two months earlier. When the last Japanese troops evacuated Guadalcanal on destroyers in February 1943, an estimated 1.600 Americans had been lost in land battles and another 2.000 men and 26 US ships had been lost in engagements at sea. The blow to the Japanese was tremendous. It cost them not only 600 airplanes and pilots, 26 ships and more than 25.000 men, but it proved to be a turning point in stopping Japanese expansion in the Pacific.
7. Soviet forces arrive at the Vistula River, 1944.
7. President Bush orders US forces to Saudi Arabia, Gulf War, 1990.
8. Foundation of the San Carlos Higher University in Cordoba, 1621. The University of Cordoba was established thanks to the property bequeathed for that purpose by Friar Fernando de Trejo y Sanabria, bishop of Tucuman in 1592. This institution had a strong influence on the training of the Argentine leadership at the time of the colony.
8. Royal warrant creating the Viceroyship of the Provinces of the Plata River, with the city of Buenos Aires as its capital, 1776. The jurisdiction was formed with the governorships of the Plata River, Paraguay, Tucuman, the presidency of Charcas and the provinces of said district and the territories of Cuyo, comprising the territory of what are today four American nations: the Republic of Argentina, the Republic of Uruguay; the Republic of Bolivia and the Republic of Paraguay, plus the territory of Rio Grande do Sul, which currently belongs to the Republic of Brazil. The first viceroy of the Plata River was the previous governor, General Pedro de Cevallos, who held office until 1778, until his replacement by a second viceroy, Juan J. de Vértiz y Salcedo.
8. Birth in the city of Salta of Aaron Castellanos, 1800. He was part of the forces of General Martin de Güemes. He explored the Bermejo river in 1824, to evaluate if it was navigable. He was captured by henchmen of Paraguayan dictator, Dr. Francia, who held him for some time in Asuncion. Later he settled in Buenos Aires, and became a cattle breeder. He was one of the pioneers in the colonization of Argentina. He established the country's first agricultural colony in the Province of Santa Fe with a group of 100 European families, and called it Esperanza (Hope.) He died April 1, 1880.
8. Pledge to Argentine Independence by the Army of the Andes, 1816. General Jose de San Martin swore and had the troops swear their allegiance to the Independence of the United Provinces of the Plata River, that had been solemnly declared by the Tucuman Congress on July 9, 1816.
8. Expedition to Chaco, 1883. Commander Rudecindo Ibazeta, leading a party of 124 men, explored Chaco, surveying the roads up to Bolivia. During his trip he held three battles against Toba, Chiriguano and Mataco indians. Following the course of the Pilcomayo river he managed to reach Bolivian territory.
8. German Second Army collapses after Allied offensive in Amiens (to 15-08), 1918.
8. The Soviet Union declares war on Japan, 1945.
9. Persians defeat Leonidas at the Battle of Thermopylae, 480 bC.
9. Pompey the Great defeated by Julius Caesar in the Dyrrhacium campaign at Pharsalus (some regard 06-06 as the true date), 48 bC.
9. Trajan (Marcus Ulpius Traianus), Roman Emperor, dies in Selinus, Cilicia, 117.
9. Valens defeated by Gauls at Adrianople, 378.
9. Commune is established in Paris, 1792.
9. Death in office of the Argentine President, Roque Saenz Peña, 1914. A statesman, legal expert, Argentine military man, and General of the Army of Peru, a diplomat, and above all else, a maker of social progress. He had taken office as President on October 12, 1910 and was born in Buenos Aires on March 19, 1851. He was succeeded as President, that same day, by Vice President Victorino de la Plaza, who ruled until October 12, 1916.
9. Death in Buenos Aires of Felipe Boero, 1958. Musician and composer, he wrote Tucumán , considered the first Argentine opera with lyrics in Spanish, that was premiered in 1918 in the Colon Theatre. That work was followed by Ariadna y Dionisio , Raquela, Siripo and El Matrero , the later premiered in 1929.
9. Nagasaki hit by US atomic bomb, Japan, 1945.
9. The Red Army begin attack on Japanese in Manchuria, 1945.
10. Arras is taken by French forces, 1640.
10. Birth in Pampallasta, Santiago del Estero, of Colonel Lorenzo Lugones, 1796. He enlisted in the army at age 14, and fought in Cotagaita and in Suipacha, as well as in the defeat of Desaguadero, taking part in the subsequent retreat of the army to the city of Jujuy. As a participant in the victories of Tucumán and Salta, he was promoted to Second Lieutenant for his performance. During the War of Independence he took part in other actions, serving under generals Gonzalez Balcarce, Rondeau, Aráoz de La Madrid and Belgrano. In 1829, he was head of the Chiefs of Staff of General José M. Paz in the fierce Battle of La Tablada. Persecuted by the Rosa dictatorship, he settled in Bolivia. There, to make a living, he became a baker. After the fall of Juan M. Rosas' regime, he returned to the country in 1854, and settled in Tucuman. The Government gave him a commission as Colonel on May 29, 1856. He died January 20, 1868.
10. Ultimatum to surrender to William Carr Beresford, 1806. Navy Captain Santiago de Liniers y Bremond, stationed in the Miserere cattle grounds, sent an ultimatum to General Beresford, then in power, to surrender the city of Buenos Aires. Beresford turned down the ultimatum, and accepted the confrontation.
10. Combat with Pampa indians, 1823. On the banks of the Pavon creek, in the Province of Santa Fe, General Estanislao Lopez leading around 150 men, was defeated in a bloody fight by lance wielding indians.
10. Death of Commander Luis Piedra Buena, 1883. At 9 years of age he shipped from Carmen de Patagones as cabin boy in a US ship that made the journey to Buenos Aires. Displeased with the way he was treated, he was helped by a friend of his parents, James Harris, who arranged in 1842 for his admission into a school were he stayed until completing his studies. Having returned to his city, he started navigating the Atlantic coast as the owner of a small boat. His patriotic concerns were largely responsible for claiming the Southern territories of the Republic of Argentina, as he was the first to call attention to them. He had been born August 24, 1833.
10. Start of operations of the Civil Register of the city of Buenos Aires , 1886.
10. Russian fleet attacked by Japanese off Port Arthur, 1904.
10. France declares war on Austria-Hungary, 1914.
10. Japan accepts terms of surrender, 1945.
10. Cairo Summit condemns Saddam Hussein, Gulf War, 1990.
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