11. Born in the city of London, England, George Canning, 1770. Politician and diplomat, he was a positive ally of the cause of independence of the South American Spanish colonies and a great friend of the Republic of Argentina. In 1824, as Prime Minister of His Majesty's Government, together with Bernardino Rivadavia he signed a Treaty of Trade and Friendship with Argentina.
11. Death in Buenos Aires of Viceroy Joaquín del Pino y Rosas, 1804. During his tenure, the first newspaper published in the River Plata made its appearance. Called "Telégrafo Mercantil Rural Político e Historiográfico del Río de la Plata", it was directed by Spaniard Francisco A. Cabello.
11. Murder of Justo J. de Urquiza, 1870. A cavalry patrol, led by Sergeant Major Simón Luengo, assaulted San José Palace, close to the city of Concepción del Uruguay, Province of Entre Ríos, and killed Captain General Justo J. de Urquiza, vanquisher of Dictator Rosas in the Battle of Caseros. Born in Entre Ríos, he studied in Buenos Aires and returned to his province to devote himself to trade. He later started his military career, taking part in the civil wars that were scourging the country. He participated in the battles of Vences, Pago Largo, El Sauce and India Muerta and in 1841, was made Governor of the Province of Entre Ríos. On 01-05-1851 he declared himself against the Governor of the Province of Buenos Aires, Dictator Rosas, while obtaining the cooperation of Brazil, the Unitarian Party of the East Bank (Uruguay), and of Corrientes, Santa Fe and Buenos Aires. First he regained control of the Foreign Relations and War functions delegated by his province onto Rosas. At the head of an army, he crossed the Parana river at El Diamante on 20-12-1851. The Battle of Caseros took place on 03-02-1852, and the army commanded by Urquiza achieved a full victory, with Rosas renouncing and fleeing to England in a frigate that awaited him at the port of Buenos Aires. In May 1852, at a meeting of all the provincial governors in the city of San Nicolás de los Arroyos, an agreement was reached with the following major points: establishment of a National Congress with two deputies per province, abolition of internal custom houses, free navigation of the rivers and investiture of Urquiza as Provisional Director of the Nation, entrusted with foreign and war affairs. On 01-05-1853 the General Constitutional Assembly, meeting in the city of Santa Fe and with the representation of thirteen provinces, approved the Constitution of Argentina, inspired in the Constitution of the United States of America and created by foremost liberal legal expert Doctor Juan B.Alberdi. This constitution was enacted by Urquiza and sworn allegiance throughout the country, with the exception of Buenos Aires, on 09-07-1853. On 20-02-1854, the thirteen provinces that formed the Argentine Confederation and which had designated the city of Paraná as the provisional national capital, meeting in Congress, appointed Urquiza as the country's first constitutional president. Then came the battles of Cepeda and Pavón between the confederate provinces and Buenos Aires, that had separated, with the aim of finally achieving national unity. On 12-12-1861, the government of the Argentine Confederation ceased, in accordance with a written statement signed by its Vice President, General Juan Pedernera, after which the fourteen provinces became part of the national government.
11. Murdered in the city of Concordia, Colonel Waldino de Urquiza, 1870. On the same day that his father was killed.
11. Turkish offensive at Shaiba, Mesopotamia (to 14-04), 1915.
11. During the Korean War, President Harry S. Truman announced on the radio the replacement of General Douglas Mac Arthur by Lt. Gen. Matthew B. Ridgeway, 1951. "General of the Army Douglas Mac Arthur is unable to give his wholehearted support to the policies of the US Government and the US on matters pertaining to his oficial duties...". The conflict started to blossom in March 1951 when John Martin, leader of the Republicans sent to Mac Arthur a copy of his speech advocating for an invasion of the Chinese mainland by Chiang Kai-shek forces from Taiwan in concert with a UN offensive in Korea. The general wrote to Martin of his wholehearted agreement. When Martin released the letter to the press it made Mac Arthur's endorsement of his plan public and in public conflict with the president's strategy of limiting the war without escalating it into a global conflict.
12. Battle of Montenotte, 1796. Bonaparte's first victory at his Italian Campaign. Part of the French Army of Italy charged on the Austrian army, forcing his retreat to Dego.
12. First export of cereals of the Republic of Argentina, 1878. Six ships loaded with 4,500 tons of wheat sailed from the port of Rosario. The wheat came from the colony La Candelaria in the department of Caseros, province of Santa Fe. By 1925, the port of Rosario had become the world's first exporter of grains.
12. U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt dies, 1945.
13. The Crusaders took Constantinople for the second time, 1204. When the Byzantine emperor failed to pay money as promised, the crusaders of the Fourth Crusade occupy the city, instead of liberating the Holy Land and creating a new feudal empire.
13. The Constitutional Assembly meeting in Buenos Aires ordered the production of the first Argentine coins, 1813. After the victories of the battles of Tucumán –September 24, 1812- and Salta – February 20, 1813-, during the Second Campaign of the Army of the North commanded by newly appointed General Manuel Belgrano, the patriots occupied Villa Imperial of Potosí. Having reported the news to Buenos Aires the first coinage of currency was ordered in the Ceca (from the Arabic sikka, for die or mold) of Potosí. They were similar to the Spanish ones, but with the Seal of the Assembly–currently the Argentine National Coat-of-Arms- without a sun, substituting for the Spanish Arms, and on the reverse showing the sun with 32 flaming and straight rays interleaved, replacing the king's effigy. Among other values, coins of one gold ounce or 8 Escudos were made –similar to the one reproduced on the Historical Information of TR020103- in which the crest was framed with flags, at the bottom there appear two crossed cannons and under them a drum, a symbol of the prestige and importance assigned to military music since the birth of the nation.
13. USSR and Japan sign Neutrality Pact, 1941.
13. Vienna captured by Soviet forces, 1945.
13. Liberation of Belsen and Buchenwald concentration camps, 1945.
14. Battle of Adrianople, 1205. Bulgarian forces in a well-laid ambush defeat a Crusader's army of armoured knights.
14. Battle of Barnet, with victory to the Yorkists, 1471. At this time England had already been torn apart by 16 years of civil war. We know that troubled period as the War of the Roses, for the symbols chosen by the two major families involved, the House of York (white rose) and the House of Lancaster (red rose). This war was one of the most complicated conflicts in England's history because of the constantly changing of loyalties, the passage of titles and frequent marriages serve to add to the confussion. The war begun with the Battle of St. Albans in 1455, and ended with the Battle of Bosworth in 1485. The England of the 15th. Century was ruled by the powerful families of the day, the dukes and earls who could command large armies.
14. Battle of Dego, 1796. The Austrians. led by General Eugen Graf von Argenteau were defeated by the French army of General André Masséna. Most of the Austrians were taken prisioners and 19 guns captured.
14. The Argentine squadron set up a blockade of the port of Montevideo, 1814. Commander Admiral William Brown blocked the base of the Royal Naval Station of Montevideo, in coordination with the siege by land laid by the Argentine army commanded by General José Rondeau.
14. Paraguayan invasion of the city of Corrientes, 1865. An army of around 3,000 Paraguayan soldiers commanded by General Wenceslao Robles, invaded the city of Corrientes. Because of lack of preparedness to defend the city, the invasion met with no resistance.
14. French Marshal Ferdinand Foch becomes Allied C-in-C, Western Front, 1918.
15. Successful Austrian night attack against Masséna's forces, 1796. Five battalions under General Philipp Vukassovic surprise and desorganize French camp, recapturing Dego.
15. British, French and Polish troops land near Narvik, Norway, 1940.
16. Battle of Culloden, 1746. The organization of the British army prevail on the old Scottish Highland clans system of fight.
16. Beginning of General Julio A. Roca's Expedition to the Desert, 1879. It was the largest military and political operation till then against the wild Indians. With brilliant results, General Roca and his men gave start to a period of secure consolidation of the country's agricultural activities, freeing the population form the permanent threat of Indian attacks.
16. Assault on Berlin by Red Army begins, 1945.
17. Yugoslavia capitulates, 1941.
17. U.S. landings on Mindanao, Pacific, 1945.
18. British forces land at Basra, Iraq, 1941.
18. Lt. Col. James H. Doolittle air raid on Tokyo and other targets, 1942. The carrier USS Hornet launched waves of North American B-25B Mitchell medium bombers at more than 1.000 Km from the shores of Japan.
18. Japanese Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto shot down and killed, 1943.
18. U.S. troops enter Czechoslovakia, 1945.
19. Jewish ghetto uprising in Warsaw begins, Poland, 1943.
20. First regulations on Freedom to Print in the city of Buenos Aires, 1811. Among other resolutions, a court was designated to adjudicate on accusations against any published work, since prior censure would no longer exist.
20. Turkish forces bedsiege Armenians in Van, 1915.
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