1. Mutiny in Ferdinand Magellan's expedition, 1520. Having anchored in Port San Julian to spend the oncoming winter, there was a mutiny led by Luis de Mendoza. The mutineers managed to seize three ships with which they were planning to return to Spain. Magellan succeeded in putting down the rebellion after having Mendoza killed.
1. An expedition led by Sebastian Cabot that would eventually reach the Plata River set sail from Seville, Spain, 1526.
1. In the city of La Plata in the Upper Peru, Spanish conqueror Francisco de Aguirre abjured of "alleged religious errors" before the Court of the Inquisition, 1569. He was the founder of the city of Santiago del Estero, the oldest in the Republic of Argentina.
1. Death, in the city of Rosario, of Aarón Castellanos, 1880. Descending from the Cabrera family, that had settled in America since the Conquest, he had been born in Salta, 08-08-1800. In his time, he was one of the country's most progressive citizens. Among other things, in 1854 he founded the first agricultural colony in the Province of Santa Fe that he called Esperanza (Hope), initially populated by some 1,000 European immigrants, whose passage to the country he paid for.
1. British air services united as the Royal Air Force, 1918.
1. The Spanish Civil War is over, with the Republicans' unconditional surrending, 1939.
1. Rashid Ali coup in Iraq, 1941.
1. Allied troops encircle the Ruhr, 1945.
1. US troops land on Okinawa, Pacific, 1945.
2. Capture of Spandau, Prussia, by the French Army, 1813.
2. Soviet forces enter Rumania, 1944.
3. Foundation of the city of Corrientes, 1588. Adelantado and Governor Juan de Torres de Vera y Aragón funded the city of Vera at the Seven Currents (Siete Corrientes), current capital of the Province of Corrientes. Born in Spain in 1506, he had arrived to the city of Asunción in the Province of Paraguay in 1587.
3. Naval combat in Nicaragua, 1819. The fleet commanded by Captain Hipolite Bouchard, comprising the ships La Argentina and Chacabuco, attacked a Spanish fleet, capturing four ships and taking prisoners.
3. The Municipal Government of the city of Lima, Peru, awarded the standard of Spanish Conqueror Francisco de Pizarro to General José de San Martín, symbolizing the defeat of Spanish power by the Liberator, 1822. According to the instructions contained in his will, after San Martín's death the standard was returned to the Peruvian government.
3. British air attack on battleship Tirpitz in Altenfjord, Norway, 1944.
4. Battle of Curapaligüe, 1817. Troops commanded by Argentine Colonel Juan Gregorio de las Heras were attacked at night by a Spanish Division with around 600 infantry men and 100 cavalry with light artillery reinforcements that had marched for that purpose from the city of Talcahuano, Chile. The effective system of advanced patrols organized by the Patriot forces defused the surprise, with the Argentines repelling the attack and forcing the Spaniards back to Talcahuano.
4. Sinking of the Argentine merchant ship Río Protegido by a German submarine, 1917.
4. Final Kaiserschlacht attack towards Amiens, France, 1918.
5. Battle of Maipo, 1818. In a fierce combat lasting some six hours, General José de San Martín defeated the army of Spanish General Osorio in an all out battle in the plains of Maipo, Chile.The Royalists had around 5,000 casualties between dead –2,000- wounded and prisoners, while the Army of the Andes suffered approximately 1,000 casualties between wounded and dead.
5. Naval battle in the Pacific, 1819. Captain Hipolite Bouchard with a small crew on board three light gunboats, assaulted three Spanish ships in the port of Realejo, obtaining a victory.
5. First victory of the Argentine Army in the War with Brazil, 1827. General Carlos de Alvear crushed the Brazilian forces in the Battle of Camacuá.
5. Japanese carrier raids on Colombo, Ceylon (today Sri-Lanka), 1942.
6. First revolutionary event between Argentines, 1811. This movement, supported by troops faithful to Colonel Cornelio de Saavedra, managed to expell the the four members of the Government Junta who were followers of Moreno –Nicolás Rodríguez Peña, Hipólito Vieytes, Miguel de Azcuénaga and Juan Larrea- as well as removing General Manuel Belgrano from the command of the Operations Army in the East Bank (Uruguay) and the achieving the recognition of Saavedra as chief of all the armed forces of Buenos Aires and the provinces.
6. The U.S. declares war on Germany, 1917.
6. Germans invade Yugoslavia, 1941.
6. Italians surrender at Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 1941.
6. Japanese begin large-scale Kamikaze attacks on Okinawa invasion fleet, 1945.
7. Death of Doctor Francisco J. Muñiz, M.D., 1871. Victim of the yellow fever, he had been born in San Isidro, 21-12-1795. He was the Dean of the School of Medicine of the University of Buenos Aires and an enthusiastic promoter of vaccination against smallpox and public hygiene. He was a soldier and cadet during the fighting of the British Invasions of 1806 and 1807. He published numerous historical research papers.
7. Kaiser Wilhelm II promises postwar reform of the Constitution, 1917.
7. Italians invade Albania, 1939.
7. Large-scale Japanese air raids on Guadalcanal, 1943.
7. Japanese superbattleship Yamato sunk, 1945.
8. Timur-i-Lenk or Timur "Iron" the Lame, better known as Tamerlan, is born, 1336. Being the leader of a Turkish Mongol tribe –the Barslas- , in 1366 captured Samarkand. Then a career for building an empire start to run. He campaigned through Persia, Iraq, Armenia, Georgia, India and Egypt. For his victorious forces was usual to build towers with the heads of theirs rendered enemies. At its maximum Tamerlan's empire stretched from the Aegean to the Ganges. After his death civil war engulfed his empire which was absorbed by more powerful and best administrated states. One of his descendants did venture to India and founded the Mogul dynasty, which lasted until the arrival of the British in the 18th. Century.
8. Battle of Monte Santiago, 1827. The fleet of Admiral William Brown faced and defeated the much stronger Brazilian naval forces in a violent combat, inflicting abundant losses. The Argentine fleet lost the ships Independencia and República, damaged by enemy fire and set on fire by their own crews to avoid their capture.
8. Death of Sergeant Major Francisco Drummond, 1827. In the battle of Monte Santiago and as captain of the ship Independencia. His death generated another tragedy: engaged to be married to Elisa, the daughter of Admiral Brown, she threw herself into the waters of the Plata River and committed suicide upon learning of his death. He had been born in Scotland in 1803.
8. Enforced deportations of Armenians begin in Turkey, 1915.
8. Italy announces territorial demands to Austria-Hungary, 1915.
8. German forces land in Norway, 1940.
9. The Executive Power banned the introduction of slaves into Argentine territory, 1812.
9. Renewed German offensive against French at Verdun, 1916.
9. Georges Clemenceau, French premier, reveals Austro-Hungarian Kaiser Karl I's 1917 peace overtures, 1918.
10. A big Austrian army invades Bavaria, 1809. Hoping to catch the dispersed French and German divisions before they could concentrate, the Hapsburgs main army, strong of 120.000 men in six corps under the command of Charles Louis John, Archduke of Austria, crossed the Inn River. The French army, with the help of its Bavarian allies, defeat the Austrians in a campaign that ends on April 22 with the Battle of Eggmühl. After that Napoleon entered Viena on May 13.
10. Battle of Pozo de Vargas, 1867. The irregular forces of the strongman Juan F. Varela, that were coming from Cuyo on a war path, would face those of the Army of the North, commanded by General Antonio Taboada, entrusted by the President of the Republic, General Bartolomé Mitre, with the mission of containing their savage hordes, at a time when the Nation was waging the bloody war with Paraguay. A conspiracy had been discovered in San Juan at the end of 1866. Vice President Marcos Paz, exercising the office of President because General Bartolomé Mitre was occupied with the high command of the allied forces in said war, consulted with him and adopted the measures required to control the situation. The two armies –with a numerical superiority of almost 3 to 1 in favor of the irregulars—clashed close to the city of La Rioja, on an extremely hot, sunny day. At times, the combat seemed to be adverse to the Army of the North. The attacks of the irregulars were renewed in an attempt to seize control of a water well, Pozo de Vargas, to mitigate their thirst. While the forces of Taboada were retreating, Commandant Brizuela ordered the musicians to perform a zamba – the famous Zamba de Vargas- to rally the troops, who attacked the enemy with sustained energy until defeating them. The music and lyrics of this zamba have been performed generation after generation, in remembrance of the glories of the country's foundational period.
10. Denmark capitulates to Germany, 1940.
10. The U.S. establishes protectorate over Greenland, 1941.
10. Axis siege of Tobruk begins, North Africa, 1941.
10. British Royal Navy leaves Indian Ocean, 1942.
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